…BLS) Chest compressions can be performed by anyone. If no bystander is trained in CPR, the emergency dispatcher will instruct the person via telephone (referred…

…with potential tracheal deviation to the opposite side Distended jugular veins Management Decompression using a venous cannula Can be executed in a pre hospital setting…

…in any setting until advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) can be initiated by healthcare professionals. The purpose of basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation is to keep the…

…than 12 hours, immediate fibrinolysis is recommended in the absence of contraindications, followed by direct transfer to a PCI centre [1,5]. Situation Practical target…

…CAC nevertheless serves as a marker of the broader atherosclerotic process, including non calcified plaques that are not directly visualized by calcium scoring. In contrast…

…The key steps in this process are outlined below. Image acquisition and evaluation Stress Imaging : Initially performed using exercise or pharmacologic agents to elevate myocardial…

…abilities for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to…

…worst prognosis in every population. Hypoactive delirium is, however, consistently underdiagnosed, and several studies have linked the subtype to high mortality, particularly in intensive care …

…for the selected treatment to restore flow. Early reperfusion is therefore the central priority of STEMI systems of care. Fibrinolysis promotes thrombus dissolution by converting…

…or an accepted equivalent in the setting of ischaemic symptoms. The immediate pathophysiological objective is restoration of blood flow to the infarct related myocardial territory…

…Hypothermia and Asphyxia in Avalanche Incidents Hypothermia coupled with asphyxia is commonly observed in victims of avalanche incidents. Typically, by the time emergency services arriv

…tragically killed by a sudden and random electrical event. An excerpt from the article follows: [...] Of every 10 such victims, the heart in 6 or…

…The chain of care in acute STEMI Optimal care for patients with STEMI requires a well coordinated system involving both prehospital and hospital based services…

…determined organ by organ in consultation between the intensive care physician and the transplant service. Contraindications An expressed refusal by the deceased — in the donation…

…In out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) the initial rhythm is recorded by the EMS (emergency medical service) team upon their arrival at the scene…

…with the on call coagulation service Always in parallel: mechanical control of bleeding, tranexamic acid where it is not contraindicated, and contact with the on…

…In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, it is important to conduct a careful investigation as several conditions may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause…

…examination include the following four imaging windows: Parasternal window Apical window Subcostal window (SC) Suprasternal window (suprasternal notch) Multiple views are obtained in each window…

…atherosclerotic plaques consist of a lipid rich necrotic core (LRNC) separated from the vessel lumen by a fibrous cap. The LRNC is a highly toxic…

…is calculated by dividing body weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. BMI is relevant for medical prognostication as it serves as…

…carries the risk of inducing osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). It is therefore recommended to raise serum sodium by a maximum 8 mEq/L in the…

…longer QT interval, and the T wave is interrupted by a PVC, which serves as the first beat of the polymorphic VT. Sustained episodes may…

…by diaphoresis, dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, faintness, or belching. Radiation to both arms or shoulders has a particularly strong association with myocardial infarction in the…

…approximately 0.5%, and major vascular complications approximately 1%. These figures illustrate the variation produced by differences in patient selection, procedural definitions, and institutional practice…

…The reported prevalence depends substantially on the diagnostic method. Myocardial bridging has been identified in approximately 0.5–12% of angiographic series and up to…

…HFpEF), defined by an LVEF ≥50%. The ejection fraction classification is clinically useful but should not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases…

…presentation in which the patient has symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), biochemical evidence of myocardial injury with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by…

…Infarction (NOMI) was proposed by Smith and colleagues in 2018. This approach seeks to anchor diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in the presence or absence of…

…agents, including epinephrine—administered to the vast majority of cardiac arrest patients—can induce such pupillary responses. In a comprehensive study by Javaudin et al.…

…from each other by the fibrous rings ( anulus fibrosus). However, some people have an additional (also called accessory) connection between the atria and the ventricles…

…Dyspnoea may occur, particularly when the effusion is substantial or when haemodynamic consequences develop. In patients with pericarditis complicated by constriction, symptoms and signs of…

…Renal function biomarkers are essential in the evaluation and ongoing management of patients on sotalol. Because the drug is excreted unchanged primarily by the kidneys…

…covered in this discussion (refer to Normal Rhythm and Arrhythmias). Also note that this chapter is accompanied by a comprehensive video lecture (Video lecture: The…

…asymptomatic, NSVT serves as a critical marker of arrhythmogenic risk, particularly in the setting of ischemic heart disease or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)…