…a layperson to perform chest compressions on an unconscious individual. The potential benefit outweighs the risks. Several studies have demonstrated that bystander CPR performed by…

…followed by direct transfer to a PCI centre [1,5]. Situation Practical target : : ECG after first medical contact Within 10 minutes STEMI diagnosis to wire…

…in echocardiography. The 17 segment model of the left ventricle serves as a standardized framework for identifying and localizing areas of ischemia or infarction. This…

…using a needle due to reduced risk of injury. Thoracostomy should be performed promptly following needle decompression. Thoracostomy with drainage typically serves as a stabilizing…

…plaque. CAC nevertheless serves as a marker of the broader atherosclerotic process, including non calcified plaques that are not directly visualized by calcium scoring. In…

…BLS) can be provided by anyone, including laypeople. As shown in Table 1, BLS is an exceptionally effective treatment, with a very low number needed…

…Note that a high HAS BLED score should not be used as a reason to withhold anticoagulation therapy. Instead, it serves as a tool to…

…Contact relatives, home care services, the residential care home or the previous care provider. 5. Confirm delirium with a structured instrument , for example the 4AT…

…Treatment should begin as soon as possible, with a target of less than 10 minutes from STEMI diagnosis to the fibrinolytic bolus. In suitable systems…

…lower socioeconomic or uninsured status, a history of angina or diabetes, and consultation with relatives or physicians before contacting emergency services. These factors support the…

…Hypothermia and Asphyxia in Avalanche Incidents Hypothermia coupled with asphyxia is commonly observed in victims of avalanche incidents. Typically, by the time emergency services arriv

…Indeed, the majority of the victims were healthy and tragically killed by a sudden and random electrical event. An excerpt from the article follows: [...] Of…

…with guidelines issued by the American Heart Association (AHA), American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the European Society for Cardiology (ESC). A large body of…

…consultation between the intensive care physician and the transplant service. Contraindications An expressed refusal by the deceased — in the donation register, on a donor card…

…ventilation can extend the duration of the shockable rhythm by several minutes, allowing for EMS or bystanders to connect a defibrillator or AED and defibrillate…

…coagulation service. Bridging with low molecular weight heparin is rarely needed with DOACs. Reversal in major bleeding Drug Reversal : : Warfarin Prothrombin complex concentrate (dose by…

…affecting cardiac function or hemodynamics. The following functions are attributed to the pericardium: The pericardium serves as a barrier to infections. The pericardium reduces friction…

Echocardiography The standard transthoracic echocardiographic examination This chapter presents a sequential series of images that comprise a complete standard echocardiographic examination. The image views are…

…intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [1] . Historically viewed as a simple…

…calculated by dividing body weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. BMI is relevant for medical prognostication as it serves as a…

…syndrome (ODS). It is therefore recommended to raise serum sodium by a maximum 8 mEq/L in the first 24 hours. Hyponatremia of unknown duration…

…a PVC induced pause. The subsequent sinus beat typically exhibits a longer QT interval, and the T wave is interrupted by a PVC, which serves…

…May be accompanied by diaphoresis, dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, faintness, or belching. Radiation to both arms or shoulders has a particularly strong association with myocardial…

…injury, and death. The risk profile differs between diagnostic angiography and PCI, and is strongly influenced by the clinical setting, vascular access route, anticoagulation, renal…

…course, distribution, or termination of the coronary arteries. They include anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA), coronary fistulae, and myocardial bridging. Although many…

…HFpEF), defined by an LVEF ≥50%. The ejection fraction classification is clinically useful but should not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases…

…caused by ischaemia, and no obstructive stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis…

…ECG findings. Thush, it serves as a valuable diagnostic tool and educational model, promoting earlier identification and treatment of high risk ACS patients. Future randomized…

…the Pupillary Reflex in Cardiac Arrest The pupillary light reflex is controlled by a simple neural circuit: light signals travel from the retina via the…

…depolarized) earlier than expected, which is reflected on the ECG by a short PR interval (PR interval <0.12 seconds). This condition is referred to…

…is a superficial, scratchy, squeaking, rasping, or grating sound produced by contact between inflamed pericardial layers. It may have up to three components per cardiac…

…extends the A H interval, which serves as an index of AV nodal conduction, but does not significantly alter the H V interval. By these…

…to Normal Rhythm and Arrhythmias). Also note that this chapter is accompanied by a comprehensive video lecture (Video lecture: The Normal ECG). ECG example 1…

…3] . By Duration: Non sustained VT (NSVT): Defined as three or more consecutive ventricular beats at a rate exceeding 100 beats per minute (bpm), which…