…therefore the beginning of the investigation, not the end. In a frail older patient an apparently small insult — sleep deprivation, urinary retention or a new…

…of life <28 °C Very severe hypothermia No signs of life <24 °C Actions in accidental hypothermia with cardiac arrest or cardiopulmonary depression Use HOPE…

…1 ). The chain of survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) includes laymen (bystanders), the emergency dispatcher, first responders (police, fire brigade, emergency services…

…provided in the source material. Delayed help seeking is associated with older age, female sex, Black race, lower socioeconomic or uninsured status, a history of…

…extremely low and the potentially catastrophic consequences of wrongfully withholding an attempt, CPR is often initiated in individuals who are biologically dead or in w

…and advanced haemodynamic support services. When fibrinolysis is indicated Fibrinolysis is indicated when: STEMI is diagnosed or strongly suspected; symptoms of ischaemia began within 12…

…chain of care in acute STEMI Optimal care for patients with STEMI requires a well coordinated system involving both prehospital and hospital based services. In…

…In out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) the initial rhythm is recorded by the EMS (emergency medical service) team upon their arrival at the scene…

…serious arrhythmia or acute heart failure. Routine opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and asymptomatic patient is by contrast not…

…transplant service. Contraindications An expressed refusal by the deceased — in the donation register, on a donor card, or through statements made to the next of…

…the local protocol or the on call coagulation service. Bridging with low molecular weight heparin is rarely needed with DOACs. Reversal in major bleeding Drug…

…Confirm cardiac arrest In case of a collapse (out of hospital or in hospital) the first task is to determine if a cardiac arrest has…

…axillary or subclavian arteries may increase the risk of embolization. Risk assessment should be individualized. There are no absolute contraindications to coronary angiography in the…

…often check pupil size and reactivity as part of initial and ongoing evaluations of patients in cardiac arrest or after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)…

…used in echocardiography. The 17 segment model of the left ventricle serves as a standardized framework for identifying and localizing areas of ischemia or infarction…

…Thus, in this chapter, you will learn the physiological basis of all ECG waves and how to determine whether the ECG is normal or abnormal…

…cysts and tumors of the pericardium, as well as congenital malformations leading to an incomplete or absent pericardium. In case of suspicion of pericardial disease…

…This chapter presents a sequential series of images that comprise a complete standard echocardiographic examination. The image views are discussed in the same sequential order…

…by Smith and colleagues in 2018. This approach seeks to anchor diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in the presence or absence of an acute coronary occlusion…

…by dividing body weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. BMI is relevant for medical prognostication as it serves as a quick…

…in healthy individuals, a tension pneumothorax arises when the volume of air is substantial enough to compress the superior and inferior vena cava, impeding or…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…asymptomatic, NSVT serves as a critical marker of arrhythmogenic risk, particularly in the setting of ischemic heart disease or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)…

…remains fundamentally one of impaired cardiac performance, in which the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements or can do so…

…or sudden cardiac death. Myocardial bridging is an anatomical variant in which a segment of an epicardial coronary artery passes through the myocardium rather than…

…for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to other…

…degree of heart block. In patients with severe mental illness (SMI) receiving antipsychotic therapy, sinus tachycardia is common, and symptoms may reflect underlying arrhythmia or…

…imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90% of cases, hypercalcemia is attributed to primary hyperparathyroidism or neoplastic etiologies…

…stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis of 50% or more in any…

…cardiovascular interventions. Dressler syndrome now occurs in fewer than 1% of AMI cases and is seen predominantly after larger infarctions and/or delayed reperfusion. Its…

…to sinus rhythm. Biomarkers and Laboratory Findings Renal function biomarkers are essential in the evaluation and ongoing management of patients on sotalol. Because the drug…

…The PR segment also serves as the baseline ( reference line or isoelectric line ) of the ECG curve. The amplitude of any deflection/wave is measured…

…5–10%, although some series report 10–20%. Other life threatening cardiopulmonary conditions account for approximately 5% of presentations in some populations. Despite this relatively…

…particularly in middle age. Conversely, a high CAC score indicates substantial atherosclerotic burden but does not, by itself, establish the presence or haemodynamic significance of…