…provided in the source material. Delayed help seeking is associated with older age, female sex, Black race, lower socioeconomic or uninsured status, a history of…

…the same time, and use drugs only in severe agitation or marked distress. Delirium is an acute neuropsychiatric syndrome and a clinical diagnosis, often described…

…chain of care in acute STEMI Optimal care for patients with STEMI requires a well coordinated system involving both prehospital and hospital based services. In…

…serious arrhythmia or acute heart failure. Routine opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and asymptomatic patient is by contrast not…

…transplant service. Contraindications An expressed refusal by the deceased — in the donation register, on a donor card, or through statements made to the next of…

…the local protocol or the on call coagulation service. Bridging with low molecular weight heparin is rarely needed with DOACs. Reversal in major bleeding Drug…

CPR Time is the most critical factor for survival in cardiac arrest. Life saving interventions must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival…

…axillary or subclavian arteries may increase the risk of embolization. Risk assessment should be individualized. There are no absolute contraindications to coronary angiography in the…

…clinical examination, blood tests and other radiological examinations are most often required, in particular computed tomography (DT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Anatomy of…

…stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis of 50% or more in any…

…into major clinical guidelines, it aligns with their emphasis on early angiography in high risk patients regardless of ECG findings. Thush, it serves as a…

…remains fundamentally one of impaired cardiac performance, in which the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements or can do so…

…2 or higher. Body surface area (BSA) Body Surface Area is the total surface area of the body. It is often used in clinical settings…

…5–10%, although some series report 10–20%. Other life threatening cardiopulmonary conditions account for approximately 5% of presentations in some populations. Despite this relatively…

…a drug induced or drug exacerbated cardiac arrhythmia, constitutes a major clinical problem. It can manifest as an increase in the frequency of a pre…

…asymptomatic, NSVT serves as a critical marker of arrhythmogenic risk, particularly in the setting of ischemic heart disease or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…extremely low and the potentially catastrophic consequences of wrongfully withholding an attempt, CPR is often initiated in individuals who are biologically dead or in w

…clinically silent, some produce myocardial ischaemia, ventricular arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, or sudden cardiac death. Myocardial bridging is an anatomical variant in which a segment of…

…among clinical descriptions. It may be present intermittently during the illness and, in some series, is reported in up to approximately one third of patients…

…to sinus rhythm. Biomarkers and Laboratory Findings Renal function biomarkers are essential in the evaluation and ongoing management of patients on sotalol. Because the drug…

…imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90% of cases, hypercalcemia is attributed to primary hyperparathyroidism or neoplastic etiologies…

…particularly in middle age. Conversely, a high CAC score indicates substantial atherosclerotic burden but does not, by itself, establish the presence or haemodynamic significance of…

…used in echocardiography. The 17 segment model of the left ventricle serves as a standardized framework for identifying and localizing areas of ischemia or infarction…

…in healthy individuals, a tension pneumothorax arises when the volume of air is substantial enough to compress the superior and inferior vena cava, impeding or…

…and advanced haemodynamic support services. When fibrinolysis is indicated Fibrinolysis is indicated when: STEMI is diagnosed or strongly suspected; symptoms of ischaemia began within 12…

…cold or damp textiles. Administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) following standard protocols, emphasizing concurrent rapid rewarming of the patient. Consider extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in unstable…

…In out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) the initial rhythm is recorded by the EMS (emergency medical service) team upon their arrival at the scene…

…Confirm cardiac arrest In case of a collapse (out of hospital or in hospital) the first task is to determine if a cardiac arrest has…

…often check pupil size and reactivity as part of initial and ongoing evaluations of patients in cardiac arrest or after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)…

…Thus, in this chapter, you will learn the physiological basis of all ECG waves and how to determine whether the ECG is normal or abnormal…

…This chapter presents a sequential series of images that comprise a complete standard echocardiographic examination. The image views are discussed in the same sequential order…

…for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to other…

…The PR segment also serves as the baseline ( reference line or isoelectric line ) of the ECG curve. The amplitude of any deflection/wave is measured…