…Atherosclerotic disease usually evolves over decades. Intimal thickening may be present during the second and third decades of life, while clinical manifestations commonly emerge much…

…high mortality when malperfusion or rupture develops; surgery or endovascular treatment is therefore generally favoured within 14 days of symptom onset in the source material…

…progressive, and cardiogenic shock may develop rapidly. Ventricular septal rupture VSR typically causes: Recurrent chest pain. Dyspnoea. Hypotension. Rapid development of biventricular failure. Pulmonary oedema…

…atherosclerotic disease. Pathophysiology Mechanisms of acute coronary syndrome The major mechanisms producing acute coronary syndromes are: Plaque rupture with exposure of thrombogenic material. Superficial plaque…

…results in increased levels of circulating pro inflammatory cytokines that may cause plaque rupture (i.e the risk of atherosclerotic plaque rupture is increased during…

…of acute atherothrombosis. Type 3 MI: Describes cardiac death in patients with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia and presumed new ischaemic ECG changes, occurring before…

…rupture or erosion Type 2 MI caused by oxygen supply–demand imbalance unrelated to acute atherothrombosis Type 3 Cardiac death with suspected acute ischaemia before…

…in mitral prolapse. Extensive myocardial infarction may lead to papillary muscle rupture. The risk of rupture is greater for the posteromedial papillary muscle, which only…

…physiological effect of a coronary lesion depends on more than its visual diameter reduction. Relevant determinants include: Lesion eccentricity Vessel tortuosity Calcification Plaque rupture or…

…STE ACS (ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) : STE ACS occurs when plaque rupture, and the ensuing atherothrombosis, causes a complete occlusion of the coronary artery…