…4. Pulmonary Valve Velocity Time Integral (PV VTI) Optimal View : Short axis (SAX) view of the aortic arch, visualizing the pulmonary valve in long axis…

…failure) and arrhythmias. The annual risk of sudden cardiac arrest is <1% and median survival is 3 years. Long term prognosis in aortiv stenosis is…

…include anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA), coronary fistulae, and myocardial bridging. Although many are clinically silent, some produce myocardial ischaemia, ventricular arrhythmias…

…Achieving clear echocardiographic windows during active compressions is challenging; however, subcostal windows might be feasible, particularly during brief pauses. An enlargement of the right ventricle…

…Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites, and hepatic enlargement [8, 10]. Atrial arrhythmias…

…lower doses, dobutamine stimulates beta2 and alpha receptors, inducing vasodilation, decreasing aortic impedance and systemic vascular resistance, reducing afterload, and indirectly increasing cardiac output. At…

…of enlargement, namely hypertrophy and dilatation. Both hypertrophy and enlargement may reduce atrial and ventricular function as well as predispose to significant arrhythmias. Typically, atrial…

…cancer). Inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and rheumatic fever. Aortic dissection rupturing into the pericardium. Idiopathic pericardial effusion. Renal failure…

…circumference of the mitral annulus. The aorto mitral curtain separates the aortic valve and the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. The anterior leaflet is…

…generate cardiac electrical activity. CPP = P aortic P right atrium Cerebral perfusion pressure (CerPP) : The pressure that drives cerebral blood flow. CerPP is determined…