…when medical therapy is insufficient, or when concomitant valvular disease (e.g mitral stenosis) requires intervention. Valve replacement can be performed with biological or mechanical…

…Risk factors for calcification overlap with risk factors for coronary heart disease (atherosclerosis). The average age at diagnosis of aortic stenosis is 75 years in…

…of which are rheumatic heart disease, congenital malformations, radiation complications, metastases, myxoma, cardiac thrombi, etc (Table 1). Most causes of mitral stenosis yield a progressive…

…Rheumatic heart disease typically results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective…

…adherence, pregnancy after the first trimester under specialist care). Rheumatic mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation. In uncomplicated atrial fibrillation and in ordinary venous thromboembolism, a…

…The pulmonary, aortic and mitral valve must also be evaluated, particularly in the setting of rheumatic valvular disease. The regurgitation is considered severe if the…

…bacterial, protozoal, fungal, parasitic), autoimmune processes (giant cell myocarditis, sarcoidosis, rheumatic heart disease, connective tissue disease, eosinophilic myocarditis), toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical…

…unrecognized inflammatory disease. Epidemiology and disease specific patterns Patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease have a higher cardiovascular risk than the general population. This excess risk…

…depression. Sinus tachycardia. Refer to Figure 1 . Figure 1. Electrical alternans in patient with cardiac tamponade. The ECG shows varying QRS and T wave amplitudes.

…of pulmonic stenosis. Tetralogy of Fallot Transposition of the great arteries) Dysplastic, bicuspid or unicuspid pulmonary valve Noonan syndrome : 60% of all individuals with Noonan…