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Traumatic cardiac arrest

…due to trauma In cases of traumatic cardiac arrest, addressing reversible etiologies takes precedence over chest compressions. If trauma is not definitively established as the…

🟠 Left ventricular diastolic function

…adult Abnormal relaxation (grade 1 dysfunction) Pseudonormal (grade 2 dysfunction) Reversible restrictive filling (grade 3 dysfunction) Irreversible restrictive filling (grade 4 dysfunction) E/A ratio…

Cardiac arrest due to electrolyte imbalance

CPR Electrolyte imbalance and cardiac arrest Significant electrolyte imbalances can precipitate cardiac arrest and are potentially reversible etiologies when promptly and appropriately addressed. Both venous…

Acute kidney injury: quick reference for management

…electrolytes, acid base status and the underlying cause. KDIGO recommends prompt investigation of reversible causes, continuing staging, and treatment directed at both the cause and…

Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: Myocardial Viability Assessment and Revascularization

…Recurrent or extensive MI with necrosis and scar formation Diffuse myocardial fibrosis Reversible ischemic dysfunction Chronic hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic stunning Adverse left…

Refractory Angina: Options When Standard Therapy Fails

…is defined by symptoms lasting more than 3 months and attributable to established reversible myocardial ischaemia in either of two settings: Obstructive coronary artery disease…

Vasospastic (Prinzmetal) Angina: Provocation Testing and Treatment

…vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular…

Indications for pacemaker

…permanent pacemaker for bradyarrhythmia, it is important to distinguish persistent, reversible and intermittent bradycardia. The pathophysiology and prognosis differ for these entities. Note that the…

Atropine: Dosing in Bradycardia and Its Limitations

…bradyarrhythmic arrest and asystole represent severe manifestations of impulse generation or conduction failure. The pathophysiology of these events may stem from reversible causes, including hypovolemia…

Chronic Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Four-Pillar Therapy

…of life. The underlying aetiology is heterogeneous. Chronic heart failure evaluation should therefore seek reversible or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension…

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