…coronary ostia, and acquiring multiple angiographic projections. Although traditionally regarded as an anatomical examination, contemporary ICA can provide complementary functional and structural information. Coronary pressure…

…As illustrated in Figure 1, the orifice of the aortic valve and the ascending aorta can be regarded as a cylinder, and the same assumption…

…LVEF ≥50%. The ejection fraction classification is clinically useful but should not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across…

…Instead, the infarct related electrical changes may be recorded indirectly as reciprocal abnormalities in the anterior precordial leads. Acute myocardial ischaemia alters the resting membrane…

…elevated liver enzymes or transaminases, and thrombocytopenia—is generally regarded as a severe preeclamptic phenotype or variant. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of preeclampsia remains incompletely…

…pressure. The source material does not provide an exhaustive list of such agents. Resistant hypertension Resistant hypertension is not regarded as a discrete disease; rather…

…of patients with SCAD. SCAD should therefore prompt consideration of systemic arteriopathy rather than being regarded solely as an isolated coronary event. SCAD predominantly affects…

…Abnormal (pathological) causes of sinus bradycardia In all other situations, sinus bradycardia should be regarded as a pathological finding. Numerous pathological conditions cause sinus bradycardia…

…of pH and the metabolic component, but it should not be regarded as fully interchangeable with an arterial sample [3]. Venous pH is on average…

…and age related changes in left ventricular filling contribute to susceptibility. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is regarded as a multifactorial systemic illness involving