…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

…aggregation (via Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa cross linking). Concurrent activation of the coagulation cascade leads to thrombin generation and fibrin deposition, culminating in a partially or…

…the lower limbs. Patients frequently have concomitant coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is…

…of flows, velocitites and volumes. This is useful for detecting valvular regurgitation and defects in the atria or ventricles (Figure 2). In addition, color Doppler…

…the former. This allows much higher velocitites to be measured. Continuous wave Doppler is therefore not limited by pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Figure 1. The…

…John Warren The remarkable facts, that the paroxysm, or indeed the disease itself, is excited more especially upon walking up hill, and after a meal…

…5]. Unexplained LV hypertrophy (LVH) or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) at hospitalization warrants evaluation [5]. Heightened awareness is essential in patients with…

…disease or peripheral vascular disease. A family history of premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease or marked hypercholesterolaemia. Physical findings related to cholesterol deposition. Untreated or…

…with reflected sound waves, making it possible to determine the distance of the reflector ( i.e the structure reflecting the sound wave). The pulsed wave…