…macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques [1] . While stable plaques are characterized by…

…as limb complications. Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial thinning, destruction of muscular…

…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

…If many sample volumes are placed along several Doppler lines, then all velocities in the area can be presented with colors. The brighter the color…

…the former. This allows much higher velocitites to be measured. Continuous wave Doppler is therefore not limited by pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Figure 1. The…

…income countries for more than half a century, causing approximately 20% of all deaths in these regions. Mortality rates and case fatality in coronary artery…

…Cardiac Amyloidosis Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a protein misfolding disorder characterized by the extracellular deposition of misfolded fibrillar proteins in the myocardium…

…premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease or marked hypercholesterolaemia. Physical findings related to cholesterol deposition. Untreated or inadequately treated patients may develop premature CAD. Symptoms therefore…

…pulsed wave Doppler sends and analyses sound waves sequentially. The ultrasound machine is programmed to ignore all signals, except those reflected from a certain depth…