…within a Doppler sector. The picture on the right shows color Doppler located across the mitral valve and the left atrium. The main advantage of…

…or a reduced requirement for antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure…

…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

…aggregation (via Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa cross linking). Concurrent activation of the coagulation cascade leads to thrombin generation and fibrin deposition, culminating in a partially or…

…the lower limbs. Patients frequently have concomitant coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is…

…the former. This allows much higher velocitites to be measured. Continuous wave Doppler is therefore not limited by pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Figure 1. The…

…John Warren The remarkable facts, that the paroxysm, or indeed the disease itself, is excited more especially upon walking up hill, and after a meal…

…disease or peripheral vascular disease. A family history of premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease or marked hypercholesterolaemia. Physical findings related to cholesterol deposition. Untreated or…

…no rotation. This example illustrates the significance of high pulse repetition frequency in order to obtain accurate assessments of blood flow and myocardial movement. Figur…