…requirement for antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity…

…by the Nyquist limit (as compared with standard pulsed wave Doppler), which is explained by the fact that the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is reduced…

…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

…macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques [1] . While stable plaques are characterized by…

…sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial thinning, destruction of muscular and elastic tissue, fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina, and…

…the former. This allows much higher velocitites to be measured. Continuous wave Doppler is therefore not limited by pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Figure 1. The…

…infarction Coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease) Coronary artery disease, which is synonymous with ischemic heart disease, is the most common form of cardiovascular disease…

…with HeFH. Evaluation and physical examination Assessment begins with systematic lipid screening and a careful clinical, medical, social and multigenerational family history. The evaluation should…

…where the measurement should be performed by moving the sample volume (SV) along the Doppler line. The sample volume is depicted with two lines perpendicular…