…The picture on the right shows color Doppler located across the mitral valve and the left atrium. The main advantage of color Doppler is that…

…antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites…

…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

…macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques [1] . While stable plaques are characterized by…

…as limb complications. Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial thinning, destruction of muscular…

…the former. This allows much higher velocitites to be measured. Continuous wave Doppler is therefore not limited by pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Figure 1. The…

…has become increasingly clear in the past few decades that atherosclerosis is not caused by the passive deposition of lipids into the coronary artery walls…

…premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease or marked hypercholesterolaemia. Physical findings related to cholesterol deposition. Untreated or inadequately treated patients may develop premature CAD. Symptoms therefore…

…analyze sound waves reflected from a specific location. This is the main advantage of pulsed wave Doppler, namely its ability to determine the location of…