…1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites, and hepatic enlargement [8, 10…

…within a Doppler sector. The picture on the right shows color Doppler located across the mitral valve and the left atrium. The main advantage of…

…C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB…

…B containing lipoproteins, macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques [1] . While stable plaques…

…than an isolated disorder of the lower limbs. Patients frequently have concomitant coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the…

…measured. Continuous wave Doppler is therefore not limited by pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Figure 1. The principles of continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler…

…childhood and by middle age, most persons have some degree of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries. Advanced atherosclerotic plaques contain inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells…

…related to cholesterol deposition. Untreated or inadequately treated patients may develop premature CAD. Symptoms therefore depend on the vascular territory involved and may include manifestations…

…repetition frequency is inversely related to the distance the sound waves must travel. Visualizing distant structures result in lower pulse repetition frequency and consequently lower…