…within a Doppler sector. The picture on the right shows color Doppler located across the mitral valve and the left atrium. The main advantage of…

…Differentiating ATTR and AL Cardiac Amyloidosis Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a protein misfolding disorder characterized by the extracellular deposition of misfolded fibrillar…

…C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB…

…and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques [1] . While stable plaques are characterized by a thick fibrous cap and a…

…Typical symptoms include: Ischaemic rest pain. Coldness or numbness of the foot and toes. Pain that is worse at night or when the limb is…

…measured. Continuous wave Doppler is therefore not limited by pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Figure 1. The principles of continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler…

…and deposition of lipids progress, an atherosclerotic plaque forms in the wall of the artery. Such atherosclerotic plaques start building up early in childhood and…

…related to cholesterol deposition. Untreated or inadequately treated patients may develop premature CAD. Symptoms therefore depend on the vascular territory involved and may include manifestations…

…ultrasound pulses sent per second is called pulse repetition frequency (PRF) . PRF is determined by the speed of sound and the distance it must travel…