…of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites, and hepatic enlargement [8, 10]. Atrial arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation and flutter, are common and…

…within a Doppler sector. The picture on the right shows color Doppler located across the mitral valve and the left atrium. The main advantage of…

…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

…macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques [1] . While stable plaques are characterized by…

…as limb complications. Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial thinning, destruction of muscular…

…the former. This allows much higher velocitites to be measured. Continuous wave Doppler is therefore not limited by pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Figure 1. The…

…which is synonymous with ischemic heart disease, is the most common form of cardiovascular disease. It has been the number one killer in Western and…

…clinical disease. HeFH affects approximately 1 in 250–300 people and is the most common inherited metabolic disorder associated with premature cardiovascular disease. Prevalence is…

…no rotation. This example illustrates the significance of high pulse repetition frequency in order to obtain accurate assessments of blood flow and myocardial movement. Figur…