…antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites…

…by the Nyquist limit (as compared with standard pulsed wave Doppler), which is explained by the fact that the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is reduced…

…the former. This allows much higher velocitites to be measured. Continuous wave Doppler is therefore not limited by pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Figure 1. The…

…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

…macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques [1] . While stable plaques are characterized by…

…sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial thinning, destruction of muscular and elastic tissue, fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina, and…

…infarction Coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease) Coronary artery disease, which is synonymous with ischemic heart disease, is the most common form of cardiovascular disease…

…receptor endocytosis and produce an FH like phenotype. Individuals with a single pathogenic variant have heterozygous FH (HeFH). Biallelic pathogenic variants cause homozygous FH (HoFH…

…With 2 observations per cycle, it appears that there is no rotation. This example illustrates the significance of high pulse repetition frequency in order to…