…years presenting with heart failure and increased left ventricular (LV) wall thickness [3, 5]. Unexplained LV hypertrophy (LVH) or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction…

…of flows, velocitites and volumes. This is useful for detecting valvular regurgitation and defects in the atria or ventricles (Figure 2). In addition, color Doppler…

…Figure 2. Continuous wave doppler along the left ventricle, the opening of the mitral valve and the left atrium. Recall that velocities (flows) directed away…

…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

…aggregation (via Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa cross linking). Concurrent activation of the coagulation cascade leads to thrombin generation and fibrin deposition, culminating in a partially or…

…the lower limbs. Patients frequently have concomitant coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is…

…John Warren The remarkable facts, that the paroxysm, or indeed the disease itself, is excited more especially upon walking up hill, and after a meal…

…disease or peripheral vascular disease. A family history of premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease or marked hypercholesterolaemia. Physical findings related to cholesterol deposition. Untreated or…

…no rotation. This example illustrates the significance of high pulse repetition frequency in order to obtain accurate assessments of blood flow and myocardial movement. Figur…