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Color Doppler

…Doppler), which is explained by the fact that the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is reduced when obtaining both a 2D image and Doppler signals simultaneously…

Continuous Wave Doppler (CW Doppler)

…by the fact that all velocities (from zero to maximum) are recorded along the Doppler line. Figure 2. Continuous wave doppler along the left ventricle…

Cardiac amyloidosis

…Clinical Context Cardiac amyloidosis should be suspected in patients older than 65 years presenting with heart failure and increased left ventricular (LV) wall thickness [3…

ApoB and Non-HDL Cholesterol in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment

…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

Non-ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina

…macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques [1] . While stable plaques are characterized by…

Peripheral Artery Disease: Diagnosis, Ankle–Brachial Index and Risk Management

…as limb complications. Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial thinning, destruction of muscular…

Introduction to Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease)

…has become increasingly clear in the past few decades that atherosclerosis is not caused by the passive deposition of lipids into the coronary artery walls…

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: Diagnosis, Cascade Screening and Treatment

…premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease or marked hypercholesterolaemia. Physical findings related to cholesterol deposition. Untreated or inadequately treated patients may develop premature CAD. Symptoms therefore…

Pulsed Wave Doppler

…reflected sound waves. This is due to the fact that the same piezoelectric elements are used to send and analyze sound waves. This reduces the…

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