…and a difficult to palpate apex beat [10]. Despite congestive heart failure, a third or fourth heart sound is rarely heard due to restrictive pathophysiology…

…C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB…

…and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques [1] . While stable plaques are characterized by a thick fibrous cap and a…

…Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial thinning, destruction of muscular and elastic tissue…

…Doppler), which is explained by the fact that the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is reduced when obtaining both a 2D image and Doppler signals simultaneously…

…measured. Continuous wave Doppler is therefore not limited by pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Figure 1. The principles of continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler…

…and deposition of lipids progress, an atherosclerotic plaque forms in the wall of the artery. Such atherosclerotic plaques start building up early in childhood and…

…related to cholesterol deposition. Untreated or inadequately treated patients may develop premature CAD. Symptoms therefore depend on the vascular territory involved and may include manifestations…

…ultrasound pulses sent per second is called pulse repetition frequency (PRF) . PRF is determined by the speed of sound and the distance it must travel…