…particularly coronary artery disease (CAD). FH results from pathogenic variants affecting proteins in the hepatic LDL receptor pathway. Reduced cellular uptake and clearance of LDL…

…extremity edema, ascites, and hepatic enlargement [8, 10]. Atrial arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation and flutter, are common and may precipitate heart failure [8, 10]. Refractory…

…which is synonymous with ischemic heart disease, is the most common form of cardiovascular disease. It has been the number one killer in Western and…

…as limb complications. Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial thinning, destruction of muscular…

…macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques [1] . While stable plaques are characterized by…

…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

…Doppler), which is explained by the fact that the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is reduced when obtaining both a 2D image and Doppler signals simultaneously…

…the former. This allows much higher velocitites to be measured. Continuous wave Doppler is therefore not limited by pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Figure 1. The…

…no rotation. This example illustrates the significance of high pulse repetition frequency in order to obtain accurate assessments of blood flow and myocardial movement. Figur…