…smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques [1] . While stable plaques are characterized by a thick…

…with colors. The brighter the color, the higher the velocity. As shown in Figure 1, the Doppler sector is superimposed on the 2D image to…

…the former. This allows much higher velocitites to be measured. Continuous wave Doppler is therefore not limited by pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Figure 1. The…

…With 2 observations per cycle, it appears that there is no rotation. This example illustrates the significance of high pulse repetition frequency in order to…

…requirement for antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity…

…in populations with a founder effect. HoFH is much rarer, affecting approximately 1 in 250,000–350,000 individuals. The lifelong exposure to high LDL…

…discordant with LDL C or non HDL C, cardiovascular risk may be misestimated if cholesterol measures alone are used. Risk in these circumstances appears to…

…sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial thinning, destruction of muscular and elastic tissue, fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina, and…

…the atherosclerotic artery. Whenever oxygen demand exceeds oxygen (blood) delivery ischemia occurs and this manifests with chest discomfort referred to as angina pectoris. If the…