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SGLT2 Inhibitors for Cardiovascular and Renal Protection

…HFrEF), with or without diabetes Heart failure across the ejection fraction spectrum, according to the guideline key points Patients with renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease…

Levosimendan (Simdax, Simendan) in acute heart failure

…transient ischemic attack or stroke, and initiation of renal replacement therapy. The study found no significant differences between the two treatment groups with respect to…

Chronic Kidney Disease as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor

…comparable renal impairment. The cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and…

Atrial fibrillation: quick reference for emergency management

…beta blocker Digoxin In heart failure or hypotension, or as an add on Slow onset. Dose reduction in renal failure and in old age Amiodarone…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…picture Moderate 6.0 to 6.4 mmol/L ECG and cardiac monitoring. Emergency treatment is often warranted, particularly in an acute rise, renal failure…

Inpatient insulin therapy: quick reference

…according to the local protocol Renal failure The insulin requirement falls . Reduce the dose and measure more frequently Acute illness and infection The insulin requirement…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…thrombosis for clinical research and outcome assessment. Predisposing factors Domain Factors associated with stent thrombosis Clinical Acute myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, heart failure…

Cardiac troponin I (TnI) and T (TnT): Interpretation and evaluation in acute coronary syndromes

…result in elevated cTnT levels. Although both troponin T and I may be chronically elevated in patients with renal failure, this is more pronounced for…

Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Choosing Anticoagulation

…heart failure, older age, vascular disease and renal dysfunction. The commonly used CHA2DS2 VASc score incorporates the following variables: Risk factor Points Congestive heart failure…

Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…alone is an entity in itself and may arise from non ischaemic cardiac conditions (such as myocarditis) or non cardiac conditions (such as renal failure)…

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