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In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…luminal diameter A high degree of residual stenosis Long lesion length Diabetes Untreated edge dissection DES have reduced restenosis compared with BMS, and newer generation…

No-Reflow Phenomenon During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Prevention and Treatment

…on the extent of microvascular obstruction and the territory supplied by the treated vessel. Possible manifestations include: Persistent or recurrent myocardial ischemia Deterioration in ventricular…

NSTEMI: Risk Stratification and Timing of the Invasive Strategy

…and a high probability of unstable angina (UA), and patients whose initial findings are less definitive. The defining electrocardiographic feature is the absence of persistent…

Diuretic Strategy and Decongestion in Heart Failure

…Increase diuretic dose and/or combine diuretic classes Diuretic resistance or end stage renal failure Consider renal replacement therapy Hypoperfusion with persistent organ injury Consider…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes thrombogenic material, promoting platelet activation, aggregation, and fibrin formation. Within a stented segment…

Vasovagal Syncope: Diagnosis, Tilt Testing and Treatment

…long QT, and bundle branch block. Cardiac monitoring is indicated for patients with a high pretest probability of arrhythmia causing syncope. In hospital monitoring is…

Microvascular Angina and INOCA: Diagnosis with CFR and IMR

…establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA is associated with recurrent symptoms, impaired quality of life, repeated hospital presentations and angiography, and increased short and long…

ACE Inhibitor Cough and Angioedema: Practical Management

…inhibitor should begin with a comprehensive history and physical examination. Clinicians should inquire about historical clues suggesting alternative etiologies, such as a sensation of postnasal…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…with or without ECG abnormalities and with or without an elevation in cardiac troponin. The underlying pathological mechanism is not restricted to a single lesion…

Ezetimibe: Place in Therapy and Expected LDL-C Reduction

…dL), and at least a 50% reduction from baseline. For a patient who experiences a recurrent atherothrombotic event while receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy, an…

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