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In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Significance In stent restenosis (ISR) is recurrent narrowing within a previously implanted coronary stent. It represents a form…

No-Reflow Phenomenon During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Prevention and Treatment

…on the extent of microvascular obstruction and the territory supplied by the treated vessel. Possible manifestations include: Persistent or recurrent myocardial ischemia Deterioration in ventricular…

NSTEMI: Risk Stratification and Timing of the Invasive Strategy

…and a high probability of unstable angina (UA), and patients whose initial findings are less definitive. The defining electrocardiographic feature is the absence of persistent…

Diuretic Strategy and Decongestion in Heart Failure

…venous outflow and persistent right sided congestion may be important mechanisms. Diuretics relieve the hemodynamic consequences of congestion by producing a negative sodium and water…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…and fibrin formation. Within a stented segment, thrombus may also develop because of disturbed flow, residual dissection, inadequate stent expansion, incomplete apposition, or persistent disease…

Vasovagal Syncope: Diagnosis, Tilt Testing and Treatment

…vasovagal syncope is reported to occur in over 40% of females and 30% of males due to a lack of effective reflex response to posture…

Microvascular Angina and INOCA: Diagnosis with CFR and IMR

…as dyspnoea and fatigue, as well as a greater prevalence of MVA. Symptoms may be persistent or episodic and may not follow a classical pattern…

ACE Inhibitor Cough and Angioedema: Practical Management

…is characteristically nonproductive and dry. Patients may describe a persistent tickle or sensitivity in the throat. In recent years, the concept of a distinct "cough…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…or without ECG abnormalities and with or without an elevation in cardiac troponin. The underlying pathological mechanism is not restricted to a single lesion or…

Ezetimibe: Place in Therapy and Expected LDL-C Reduction

…dL), and at least a 50% reduction from baseline. For a patient who experiences a recurrent atherothrombotic event while receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy, an…

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