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Epidemiological aspects of cardiac arrest

…Some data sources also monitor sudden cardiac arrest. The EuReCA registry includes resuscitation data from 27 European nations and the Get With the Guidelines Resuscitation…

Hypertension: Initial Combination Therapy and Drug Selection

…mmHg should receive both lifestyle and antihypertensive drug therapy. For grade 1 hypertension, pharmacological treatment has demonstrated cardiovascular benefit, although in younger individuals with low…

PCSK9 Inhibitors: Indications, Efficacy and Access

…maximally tolerated statin therapy and ezetimibe. For patients with a recurrent atherothrombotic event while receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy, an LDL C goal below 1…

Cardiac electrophysiology and ECG interpretation

…the ventricles with adequate volumes of blood before ventricular contraction commences. To coordinate these two tasks, the heart has an electrical conduction system composed of…

Interpretation of Pacemaker ECG

…the left ventricle receives the depolarizing impulse from the right ventricle (where the pacemaker delivers the pulses). The depolarizing wave spreads outside the conduction system…

Levosimendan (Simdax, Simendan) in acute heart failure

…with severe acute heart failure who receive levosimendan should be monitored invasively (e.g. arterial line, PiCCO, central venous catheter). The hemodynamic effects persist for…

Mitral regurgitation

…muscle rupture. The risk of rupture is greater for the posteromedial papillary muscle, which only receives blood supply from one coronary artery (Coronary arteries). Chronic…

Mitral valve stenosis

…artery (LCX), whereas the posteromedial papillary muscle receives blood supply from either LCX or the right coronary artery (RCA). For details, refer to chapter The…

Short and long-term prognostication in cardiac arrest

…if the initial rhythm is asystole or PEA. Most current protocols for ECMO exclude patients presenting with asystole or PEA. Duration of cardiac arrest : In…

Supraventricular and intraventricular conduction defects in myocardial ischemia and infarction

…dominant system. Bundle branch blocks Bundle branch blocks may be caused by ischemia/infarction. A new bundle branch block in a patient presenting with chest…

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