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Anaphylaxis: quick reference for emergency management

…a rapidly progressive multisystem reaction Intramuscular adrenaline immediately Severe anaphylaxis Hypoxia, marked bronchospasm, stridor, hypotension, collapse or impaired consciousness Adrenaline, oxygen, intravenous access, fluid and…

Acute kidney injury: quick reference for management

…kidney injury, AKI, is a syndrome of rapidly deteriorating renal function. Management is governed not by the creatinine value alone but by the course, urine…

Hypertensive crisis: drugs and doses

…organ damage should not normally be lowered rapidly with intravenous drugs. Such treatment has not been shown to improve the prognosis and can cause hypotension…

Sepsis and septic shock: quick reference for the first hour

…rapidly progressive organ dysfunction, respiratory failure, impaired consciousness, or a need for a vasopressor After initial stabilisation Repeat the lactate if it was raised and…

Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Risk Stratification and Reperfusion

…and other conditions incorporated into validated clinical risk tools Acute RV failure is a rapidly progressive syndrome characterized by systemic congestion resulting from impaired RV…

Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…immediate consideration of a mechanical complication. Clinical deterioration may be abrupt or progressive, and cardiogenic shock may develop rapidly. Ventricular septal rupture VSR typically causes…

Acute Limb Ischaemia: Recognition and Urgent Management

…flow. Ischaemia initially produces pain and sensory disturbance. With progression, motor dysfunction develops, followed by profound anaesthesia, paralysis, muscle rigidity and ultimately major tissue loss…

Familial and Genetic Screening in Premature Cardiovascular Disease

…is relatively uncommon in the first decade, rises progressively through adulthood and becomes less steep in later life, although diagnoses may still occur after the…

ECG interpretation: Characteristics of the normal ECG (P-wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T-wave)

…rhythm, rapid progression of R waves in precordial leads. Slight ST segment elevation in leads V2 V3, which is normal in men and women. ECG…

The physiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

…based on observational data ( e.g compression rate and depth). With current strategies, compressions and ventilations can generate a cardiac output equivalent to 15 25…

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