…fraction (LVEF) ≥50%. Objective evidence of structural or functional cardiac abnormality consistent with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction or increased filling pressures, including raised natriuretic peptides…

…to constrict the pupil. Under normal conditions, bright light causes rapid bilateral pupillary constriction (a brisk reflex), whereas low light causes dilation. This reflex is…

…ECG monitoring D Disability AVPU: Alert Voice responsive Pain responsive Unresponsive Limb movements Pupillary light reflexes Blood glucose E Exposure Identify signs of heart failure…

…Ventricular free wall rupture, producing haemopericardium and cardiac tamponade. Papillary muscle rupture, producing acute severe mitral regurgitation (MR). These complications result from transmural myocardial necrosis…

…leaflet). The leaflets are attached to the subvalvular apparatus, consisting of the chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles . As compared to the mitral valve, the…

…Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right ventricular (RV) infarction…

…heart disease) Rheumatic valve disease Endocarditis Congenital mitral regurgitation Amyloidosis SLE Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) Rupture of papillary muscle Rupture of chordae tendineae Figure 1…

…mitral valve The leaflets are connected to the papillary muscles via chordae tendineae (Figure 1). The anterolateral papillary muscle receives blood supply from the left…

…Thus, with regards to measuring ventricular dimensions, trabeculae and papillary muscles are considered part of the left ventricular cavity. Other dimensions– including atrial dimensions, mitral…

…during its course through the interventricular septum. It starts to branch off at the anterior papillary muscle's origin. The interventricular septum obtains Purkinje fibers…