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Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Risk Stratification and Reperfusion

…output, haemodynamic collapse, and death. The clinical consequences are particularly important when pulmonary vascular obstruction is accompanied by limited cardiopulmonary reserve or other adverse comorbidity…

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR)

…seen in certain causes of cardiac arrest (e.g. pulmonary embolism) or in case of long no flow or low flow periods. Under such circumstances…

Indications, Contraindications, and Preparations for Exercise Stress Testing

…arrhythmias – due to the risk of circulatory collapse. Decompensated heart failure – due to the risk of circulatory collapse and arrhythmias Pulmonary embolism in acute phase –…

Cardiac Tamponade: Recognition and Pericardiocentesis

…is non idiopathic. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Dyspnoea is the most frequent symptom and may occur even in the absence of pulmonary congestion. Patients may…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

…severity of myocardial injury depends on the size of the supplied territory, completeness and duration of occlusion, collateral flow, myocardial oxygen demand, spontaneous thrombus lysis…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…necrosis advances from the subendocardium towards the subepicardium over several hours. The extent and tempo of injury are influenced by collateral flow, myocardial oxygen consumption…

🟠 Reference values for adult ECG

…WPW). Note that narrow complex tachyarrhythmia rarely causes circulatory compromise or collapse. Causes of tachycardia (tachyarrhythmia) with wide QRS complexes (QRS duration ≥0,12 s…

Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…presentation and symptoms A new episode of hypotension, recurrent chest pain, pulmonary congestion, a new cardiac murmur, or jugular venous distension in the days after…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…coronary occlusion. Plaque rupture typically involves a thin, collagen poor fibrous cap overlying a large lipid core with many macrophages, resulting in a red, fibrin…

Coronary Anatomy and Segmental Classification for the Clinician

…Serial lesions Vessel size The relationship of the lesion to side branches The extent and distribution of downstream myocardium Collateral circulation Diffuse distal disease Thus…

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