…conduction. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with atrial flutter typically present with symptoms related to high ventricular rates and the loss of the atrial kick…

…may also present in individuals without identifiable cardiac disease. Contributing factors include pulmonary disorders, particularly obstructive pulmonary disease, the use of theophylline, and elevated catecholamine…

…flutter. The observant will notice that the classification differs slightly from that of atrial fibrillation. Acute and paroxysmal cases are common in clinical practice. Chronic…

…dilated, light unresponsive pupils are indicative of cerebral anoxia or brain death and constitute an adverse prognostic sign. Notably, the presence of dilated, nonreactive pupils…

…show any benefit of urgent angiography. ST elevation in acute transmural myocardial ischemia is discussed in the chapter ST elevations in ischemia and differential diagnoses…

…incidental and asymptomatic finding. The absence of symptoms indicates that the bradycardia is compensated by an increase in stroke volume. Symptomatic bradycardia may present with…

…is indicated in patients with symptoms suggestive of acute myocardial infarction and at least one of the following criteria present: haemodynamic instability or cardiogenic shock…

…the presence of CRT, the type and location of surgery, and the anticipated current pathway. In a pacing dependent patient, inhibition of pacemaker output may…

…heart failure or after myocardial infarction). Ventricular arrhythmias are easier to induce in the presence of arrhythmogenic substrates. A substrate is defined as a physiological…

…partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely obstructed). NSTE ACS typically presents with ST segment depressions and/or T…