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Secondary Hypertension: When and How to Investigate

…hypertension is genuinely present Factors that may be contributing to elevated blood pressure Other cardiovascular risk factors and relevant comorbidities Evidence of hypertension mediated organ…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

Perioperative Management of Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices

…other electronic equipment may also interfere with device function. The clinical consequences depend on the device, the patient's dependence on pacing, the presence of…

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…heart failure or after myocardial infarction). Ventricular arrhythmias are easier to induce in the presence of arrhythmogenic substrates. A substrate is defined as a physiological…

Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

…is caused by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely obstructed). NSTE ACS typically presents with ST segment depressions…

NSTEMI: Risk Stratification and Timing of the Invasive Strategy

…from out of hospital cardiac arrest should not routinely undergo immediate angiography. A selective or delayed approach is recommended in this setting unless other findings…

Vulnerable Plaque and Mechanisms of Acute Coronary Occlusion

…factors. Plaque erosion Plaque erosion is increasingly recognized and is present in at least one third of acute coronary syndromes in the cited material. Eroded…

Carotid Artery Disease: Screening, Medical Therapy and Revascularisation

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

Cardiovascular Risk Assessment with SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP

…adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast…

Eletrical alternans: the ECG in pericardial effusion & cardiac tamponade

…cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart sounds and jugular venous distention. Other frequent symptoms are pulsus paradoxus, pericardial friction…

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