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Perioperative Management of Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices

…other electronic equipment may also interfere with device function. The clinical consequences depend on the device, the patient's dependence on pacing, the presence of…

Endocarditis: definitions, causes, diagnosis, echocardiography & treatment

…Other microorganisms, generally, cause subacute endocarditis. Endocarditis can affect native (own) valves and valve prostheses. As always, foreign materials pose a high risk of infection…

Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Choosing Anticoagulation

…or device detected subclinical AF. The AF pattern, while recognising that pattern does not determine the anticoagulation indication. Previous stroke or TIA. The presence of…

Management and treatment of AV block (atrioventricular blocks)

…choice of device therapy and also suggest whether other interventions (e.g. heart failure management, evaluation for coronary artery disease, etc .) are warranted. Management of…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…treatment of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and following complex PCI. Stent thrombosis remains multifactorial, reflecting interactions between patient related, lesion related, device related…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…heart failure or after myocardial infarction). Ventricular arrhythmias are easier to induce in the presence of arrhythmogenic substrates. A substrate is defined as a physiological…

Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

…is caused by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely obstructed). NSTE ACS typically presents with ST segment depressions…

NSTEMI: Risk Stratification and Timing of the Invasive Strategy

…from out of hospital cardiac arrest should not routinely undergo immediate angiography. A selective or delayed approach is recommended in this setting unless other findings…

Vulnerable Plaque and Mechanisms of Acute Coronary Occlusion

…factors. Plaque erosion Plaque erosion is increasingly recognized and is present in at least one third of acute coronary syndromes in the cited material. Eroded…

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