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Acute vertigo: quick reference for HINTS and differential diagnosis

…Concussion, temporal bone injury, dissection, aminoglycoside toxicity, antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This corresponds to the principles of TiTrATE, in…

Neutropenic fever: quick reference for emergency management

…the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response. A neutropenic patient with a suspected infection and organ dysfunction…

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: quick reference

…Assess the level of consciousness, the airway, the work of breathing, the peripheral perfusion and the signs of shock 2 Two large bore peripheral cannulae…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

Perioperative Management of Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices

…leads. Electrocautery is the most frequent source of EMI, although radiofrequency procedures, nerve stimulators, and other electronic equipment may also interfere with device function. The…

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…the result of a perfect storm scenario , where ischemia, hemodynamics, the autonomous nervous system, electrolyte concentrations, and other factors (potentially also genetic predisposition) interact to…

Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

…partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely obstructed). NSTE ACS typically presents with ST segment depressions and/or T…

NSTEMI: Risk Stratification and Timing of the Invasive Strategy

…The presence of extensive comorbidity may alter the balance between procedural risk and benefit. An early invasive strategy is not recommended when the risks of…

Vulnerable Plaque and Mechanisms of Acute Coronary Occlusion

…on circulating thrombotic and fibrinolytic factors. Plaque erosion Plaque erosion is increasingly recognized and is present in at least one third of acute coronary syndromes…

Carotid Artery Disease: Screening, Medical Therapy and Revascularisation

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

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