…dyspnoea, and the presence of risk factors or previously identified coronary calcification. Age and sex remain important determinants of the expected prevalence of obstructive CAD…

…myocardial oxygen requirements, principally through increased heart rate and contractility. In the presence of a flow limiting coronary stenosis, supply cannot increase adequately. Ischaemia begins…

…epicardial vasomotor abnormalities or structural and functional microvascular disease. Thus, the presence of non obstructive epicardial arteries does not exclude a coronary cause of symptoms…

…without acute elevations in cardiac troponin concentrations. Based on the presenting electrocardiogram (ECG) and the presence of troponin elevation, ACS are classified into unstable angina…

…of heart failure (HF) in the presence of a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥50%, accompanied by objective evidence of structural and/or functional…

…an anatomical or functional dysfunction in the right bundle branch, such that the electrical impulse is blocked. Figure 1 illustrates the components of the ventricular…

…R wave in V5 and V6. Secondary ST T changes occur invariably in the presence of LBBB. The following ECG criteria and characteristics are used…

…prognosis. Pathophysiology The defining physiological abnormality is heart failure occurring with mildly impaired LV systolic function. The syndrome remains fundamentally one of impaired cardiac performance…

…progression of right heart failure may indicate the need for inodilator therapy. Furthermore, acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock can present de novo in pregnant…

…this combination is associated with a worse prognosis. VA may occur in the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), in non obstructive coronary arteries…