…longer. The pain usually involves the central portion of the chest or the epigastrium and occasionally radiates to the arms. Less common sites of radiation…

…non Q wave, transmural and non transmural infarction are no longer considered reliable descriptors of pathological extent. Magnetic resonance imaging findings indicate that Q wave…

…anatomical examination that depicts the coronary arterial lumen, atherosclerotic plaque, and the severity and distribution of coronary stenosis. Modern cardiac CT can acquire a three…

…and radiation. Quality and intensity. Precipitating factors, including exertion, emotional stress, meals, or exposure to cold. Relieving factors, including rest or medication. Time of day…

…myocardial bridging and radiation induced coronary disease. The distinction between UA and NSTEMI has become increasingly dependent on the use of highly sensitive cardiac troponin…

…single breath hold No intravenous line No premedication No special preparation Radiation exposure of approximately 1–1.5 mSv with contemporary techniques The total CAC…

…Disruption of the cap exposes the lipid core and extracellular matrix to circulating blood. Tissue factor within the plaque and tissue factor bearing microparticles contribute…

…been identified as the source of an acute myocardial infarction during long term follow up. Moreover, several potentially high risk plaques may coexist within one…

…limited specificity for plaque and vessel wall pathology, intravascular imaging provides cross sectional and longitudinal information about the artery. The clinical value of these techniques…

…also reduce production of apoB 100 containing lipoproteins and exert effects beyond LDL C reduction, including modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial function, plaque stability…

…include fixed coronary atherosclerosis without plaque rupture, coronary artery spasm, coronary microvascular dysfunction (encompassing endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and dysregulation of sympathetic innervation)…

…the plaque exposes highly thrombogenic materials which activate circulating platelets and coagulation factors, which results in thrombus formation (Figure 1). Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque…

…subclavian artery. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer PAU is focal ulceration of an atherosclerotic plaque that penetrates through the internal elastic lamina into the media. The lesion…

…deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory reactions that promote plaque formation and progression…

…disease depends substantially on stenosis severity and plaque characteristics. In the general population, the prevalence of asymptomatic carotid stenosis of at least 70% is low…

…can refine interpretation. Coronary plaque and future events Angiographic stenosis severity is an imperfect predictor of future myocardial infarction or sudden death. Lesions causing only…

…rehabilitation, ablative or surgical interventions The test does not define the structure or composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaque, identify plaques at high risk of rupture…

…coherence tomography (OCT) provide cross sectional information about plaque morphology and may clarify the mechanism of an acute coronary syndrome or guide percutaneous coronary intervention…

…related components of atherosclerotic plaque. These effects help explain why reductions in cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the usually modest anatomical regression of coronary…

…Coronary mechanisms Coronary mechanisms include: Plaque rupture or plaque erosion with thrombosis, despite the absence of an angiographically obstructive lesion Coronary embolism or thrombus Epicardial…

…abnormality is inadequate distal perfusion in the absence of a major residual epicardial obstruction. No reflow is associated with serious short and long term outcomes…

…consequences depend on lesion location, severity, length, the presence of multilevel disease and collateral circulation. Flow limitation may be clinically silent, manifest as exertional symptoms…

…abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic material to circulating blood…

…platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes thrombogenic material, promoting platelet activation…

…on the size of the thrombus and the plaque. The patient will experience severe chest pain due to the abrupt reduction of coronary blood flow…

…of the cap, leading to structural failure. Rupture exposes highly thrombogenic subendothelial matrix components, notably tissue factor and collagen, to the circulating blood [3] . Plaque…

…but an atherosclerotic plaque may prevent oxygen supply from increasing in parallel with oxygen demands. Depending on several factors– including the severity of the stenosis…

…results in increased levels of circulating pro inflammatory cytokines that may cause plaque rupture (i.e the risk of atherosclerotic plaque rupture is increased during…

…thickness, early plaque formation and coronary microvascular dysfunction. Women with RA were reported to have approximately twice the myocardial infarction risk of age matched controls…

…into the plaque through the disrupted surface. Type 2 MI: Attributed to an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, without the presence of acute…

…shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood…

…Causes of myocardial injury Important causes include: Mechanism or clinical setting Examples Acute coronary atherothrombosis Plaque disruption or erosion with thrombosis Reduced myocardial perfusion Coronary…

…be accompanied by haemorrhage into the plaque. The diagnosis is supported by the general criteria for acute MI together with evidence of acute coronary atherothrombosis…

…STE ACS (ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) : STE ACS occurs when plaque rupture, and the ensuing atherothrombosis, causes a complete occlusion of the coronary artery…

…Moreover, inflammation and risk factors also modify the risk of destabilization of the plaque. Atherosclerotic plaques are vulnerable and may disrupt, which may ultimately lead…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…thrombogenic and pro thrombolytic factors determines whether atherothrombosis occurs, and these factors vary from minute to minute. Only a minority of all plaque disruptions resul

…the structural stability of the plaque is acutely compromised [7] . Sub group analyses from longitudinal angiographic registries demonstrate that the severity of baseline stenosis does…

…STE ACS (ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) : STE ACS occurs when plaque rupture, and the ensuing atherothrombosis, causes a complete occlusion of the coronary artery…

…may reveal atherosclerotic plaques, thrombi, occlusions, and dissections. Stroke is subdivided into hemorrhagic stroke (13% of all cases) and ischemic stroke (87% of all cases…

…possible or known plaques, or stenosis. Diagnostics Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Monitoring An ECG should be performed if there is suspicion of syncope due to an…