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Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Diagnosis and Initial Evaluation

…of chest pain does not exclude clinically important CCS. Silent or minimally symptomatic disease may occur in patients with diabetes and autonomic neuropathy, as well…

Coronary CT Angiography and CAD-RADS Reporting

…anatomical examination that depicts the coronary arterial lumen, atherosclerotic plaque, and the severity and distribution of coronary stenosis. Modern cardiac CT can acquire a three…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…usually involves the central portion of the chest or the epigastrium and occasionally radiates to the arms. Less common sites of radiation include the abdomen…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…the presentation represents ACS and whether the patient is clinically unstable. Particular attention is required for evidence of: Ongoing or recurrent chest discomfort. Haemodynamic instability…

Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring: Prognostic Use in Practice

…single breath hold No intravenous line No premedication No special preparation Radiation exposure of approximately 1–1.5 mSv with contemporary techniques The total CAC…

ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and ECG Criteria

…longer. The usual location is the central chest or epigastrium. Radiation may occur to one or both arms and less commonly to the abdomen, back…

Vulnerable Plaque and Mechanisms of Acute Coronary Occlusion

…a prospective study of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Thus, an individual plaque’s morphology does not reliably establish that it will cause an acute…

Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis from Fatty Streak to Plaque Rupture

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

Intravascular Imaging: IVUS and OCT for PCI Optimisation

…limited specificity for plaque and vessel wall pathology, intravascular imaging provides cross sectional and longitudinal information about the artery. The clinical value of these techniques…

Statin Intolerance and Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

…also reduce production of apoB 100 containing lipoproteins and exert effects beyond LDL C reduction, including modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial function, plaque stability…

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