…four pillar disease modifying strategy applies to symptomatic HFrEF. Clinical presentation and symptoms Typical manifestations reflect pulmonary and systemic congestion, reduced forward cardiac output and…

…heart rate, ECG. References Narula et al: Time to Add a Fifth Pillar to Bedside Physical Examination: Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, Auscultation, and Insonation. JAMA Cardiology.

Echocardiography Standardized myocardial segmentation for echocardiography and cardiac imaging Cardiovascular imaging modalities have developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods…