…mortality The modern concept of rehabilitation has evolved from early post infarction physical activity programmes into a structured centre of secondary cardiovascular prevention in which…

…diabetes, or chronic kidney disease. Evaluation and Physical Examination The diagnostic assessment should establish that hypertension is genuine, identify potentially remediable causes, assess comorbidities and…

…is recurrent clinical deterioration despite careful follow up and appropriate therapy. In this setting, the risk of sudden death and end stage heart failure is…

…uncomplicated acute coronary syndrome when LVEF is 40% is not definitive. Observational studies have yielded conflicting results, and the appropriate duration of therapy in p

…cardiovascular impact in women. Obesity, physical inactivity and depression are more common in women. Dyslipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes and obesity become increasingly prevalent after the menopausal…

…hypercholesterolaemia, and sedentary behaviour; family history, particularly in the broader assessment of peripheral arterial and aortic disease; planned surgery, especially carotid endarterectomy (CEA), coronary artery…

…regular physical activity, avoidance of smoking, and adequate sleep. The process should begin early in life. Primordial prevention in childhood may reduce the subsequent development…

…despite the exhaustion of conventional therapeutic options. It is defined by symptoms lasting more than 3 months and attributable to established reversible myocardial ischaemia in…

…and physical examination The objective of decongestion is clinical euvolemia rather than an isolated numerical change in weight. Assessment should integrate the history, physical examination…

…infarction Definition and pathophysiology In acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD), revascularization may be directed exclusively at the infarct related artery…