…and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a prolonged period. In heavy smokers…

…pharmacotherapy, and, in high risk cases, device implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing…

…pharmacotherapy, and, in high risk cases, device implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing…

…discouraged. However, it retains a specific niche in contemporary cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. The pharmacologic foundation of digoxin lies in its inhibition of the Na+ K+ ATPase…

…40% [14] . This distinction is paramount for practicing cardiologists: HFimpEF represents a state of myocardial remission rather than true recovery. Data from the TRED HF…