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Cardiovascular Risk Assessment with SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP

…SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older Persons (SCORE2 OP) are European risk prediction models designed to estimate 10 year risk of both fatal and non fatal CVD…

Atrial fibrillation: ECG, classification, causes, risk factors & management

…the arrhythmia is unusual among persons younger than 50 years of age. The overall prevalence in a Western population is 1.0% to 1.5%…

Atrial flutter: classification, causes, ECG criteria and management

…which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2:1 block will be difficult to discern because the flutter wave may fuse…

Chronotropic incompetence (inability to increase heart rate)

…Thus, the formula yields how large (%) the increase in heart rate was in relation to the expected increase. The cut off for chronotropic incompetence is…

Premature atrial contraction (premature atrial beat / complex): ECG and clinical implications

…The PR interval is normal in most cases but might be prolonged. Most premature atrial complexes are conducted through the atrioventricular node to the ventricles…

Aberrant ventricular conduction (aberrancy, aberration)

…intervals. Refer to Figure 2 . Figure 2. Ashman's phenomenon. Aberrancy can occur in three different situations, all related to changes in cardiac cycle length…

Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cardiac troponins, ECG & Symptoms

…referred to as high sensitive cardiac troponin, may actually detect the presence of troponins in most normal persons. In 2017 it was possible to detect…

Fascicular block (hemiblock): Left anterior & left posterior fascicular block

…and aVF display rS complexes. Causes of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) LAFB may occur in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of those…

Introduction to Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease)

…in size, it bulges into the artery lumen and causes stenosis (reduction of the artery lumen). The reduction of the artery lumen causes limitations to…

Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS)

…Sinus bradycardia (which in its purest form means that the automaticity is diminished). Chronotropic incompetence (inability of the sinoatrial node to adequately increase its automaticity…

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