…Echocardiogram showing takotsubo cardiomyopathy in acute phase (A) and resolution phase (B). Note the apical ballooning of the apical portion fo the left ventricle (A)…

…non Q wave, transmural and non transmural infarction are no longer considered reliable descriptors of pathological extent. Magnetic resonance imaging findings indicate that Q wave…

…although its resolution does not consistently permit identification of foamy macrophages. The occurrence of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may…

…for pathological R waves: R wave ≥0,04 s in V1 V2 and R/S ratio ≥1 with concordant positive T wave in absence of…

ECG Definition of normal and pathological pediatric and neonatal ECG The neonatal and pediatric electrocardiogram (ECG) is interpreted using the same principles as in ECG…

…compared with 36% for pathological Q waves. However, the specificity was lower for fragmented QRS (89% vs 99%). The absence of fragmented QRS has a…

…normal variants & pathological variants Sinus tachycardia is the most common tachyarrhythmia (tachycardia). Sinus tachycardia is the result of an increased rate of depolarization (i.e…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Atrial flutter Atrial flutter is the second most common pathological tachyarrhythmia. Only atrial fibrillation is more common. Atrial flutter occurs almost…

Echocardiography Definition and types of cardiomyopathies Cardiomyopathy implies that the myocardium is structurally and functionally altered, and the pathological changes are not explained by coronary…

…considered pathological. For patients with bundle branch blocks, the corresponding figure is 500 ms. The QT interval represents the time between the onset of ventricular…

…diagnosis that integrates myocardial injury, evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia, electrocardiographic findings, cardiac biomarkers, imaging, angiography, and, occasionally, pathological examination. Pathologically, infarction represents myocardial cell…

…dilatation Atrial enlargement: left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) and right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) The atria may become dilated and/or hypertrophic during pathological circumstances…

…pathological finding that affects cardiovascular and total mortality. Left bundle branch block is more common in individuals with structural and ischemic heart disease. Assessment of…

…and a history of pathological intracranial findings. Patients with ACS undergoing PCI treated with prasugrel and ASA exhibited a higher risk of major and minor…

…a major pathological substrate, but ischaemia may also result from epicardial vasomotor abnormalities or structural and functional microvascular disease. Thus, the presence of non obstructive…

…individuals. Pathophysiology Lp(a) is associated with several interrelated pathological processes: accelerated atherogenesis; vascular inflammation; progression of calcific aortic stenosis; enhancement of a prothrombotic state…

…least one of the following provides the required evidence of ischaemia: Symptoms compatible with myocardial ischaemia New ischaemic ECG changes Development of pathological Q waves…

…sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial thinning, destruction of muscular and elastic tissue, fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina, and…

…ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction pericarditis encompasses two temporally and clinically distinct complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Early infarct associated pericarditis …

…myocardial ischaemia occurring at rest or with minimal exertion, without evidence of acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis. It is distinguished from acute myocardial infarction (AMI…

…tachycardia during physical activity, all tachycardias should be considered pathological and the task is to clarify the cause of the tachycardia. The cause may range…

…of cardiac troponins in peripheral blood is mandatory to establish a diagnosis of myocardial infarction. ECG – ST elevations, ST depressions, T wave inversions and pathological…

…less common variants of what is considered normal) and pathological variants . Thus, in this chapter, you will learn the physiological basis of all ECG waves…

…of an epicardial coronary artery (i.e. STEMI), pathological Q waves can develop already within 2 hours after the onset of infarction. The presence of…

…These cells are capable of spontaneous depolarization (i.e they display automaticity) and can therefore act as latent pacemakers (which become active when atrial impulses…

Echocardiography The echocardiographic examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Definition of sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) Sinus arrhythmia and respiratory sinus arrhythmia both refer to the same phenomenon. Sinus arrhythmia…

…pathological conditions cause sinus bradycardia. The most important causes are as follows: Myocardial ischemia/infarction – Particularly ischemia or infarction located to the inferior wall of…

…the PR interval is greater than 220 msec, first degree AV block is manifest and it is considered a pathological finding (Figure 4, second panel)…

…85% 90% of healthy individuals in the general population exhibit a small tricuspid regurgitation, which is considered a normal finding. Pathological tricuspid regurgitation is more…

…35 mm. Q waves: pathological Q waves (≥ 0.03 s and/or an amplitude ≥ 25 % of the R wave amplitude in the same lead, in…

…mm. Look for pathological Q waves. Pathological Q waves are ≥0,03 s and/or amplitude ≥25% of R wave amplitude in the same lead…

…cardiovascular events (MACE), whereas BMI alone often fails to capture these specific pathological drivers. 5 Physiological Mechanisms of Cardioprotection: Direct vs. Weight Mediated The profound…

…and At least one of the following: New ischemic ECG changes New pathological Q waves Imaging evidence of new loss of viable myocardium or a…

…onset of physical activity. D: Sinus bradycardia with heart rates between 50 60 beats/min always indicates a pathological condition. Explanation: In the absence of…

…versa ( Figure 17 ). Otherwise there is discordance (opposite directions of QRS and T) which might be due to pathology. A negative T wave is also…

…pathological conditions (such as bundle branch blocks). Comparing the ECG recordings may reveal if the ST T segments differ; any difference may be suggestive of…

…always considered pathological. For patients with bundle branch blocks, the corresponding figure is 500 ms. It is recommended that the automatic (machine) calculation of the…

…can be seen). If the amount of fluid in the pericardial cavity exceeds 50 mL, there is an effusion, which is considered pathological. The effusion…

…that negative delta waves may simulate pathological Q waves (and thus be confused with previous myocardial infarction). ECG examples of pre excitation (short PR interval…

…ST depression and does not evolve into pathologic Q waves [4]. Additionally, PR segment depression is a common and early electrocardiographic sign of acute pericarditis…

…at the expense of pathologically elevated filling pressures. Epidemiology and risk factors HFpEF has reached epidemic proportions, now accounting for over 50% of all incident…