…is a later pathological process in which lipid laden foamy macrophages accumulate within the neointima. It may be accompanied by necrotic core formation and calcification…

…prominent reciprocal ST depression and does not evolve into pathologic Q waves [4]. Additionally, PR segment depression is a common and early electrocardiographic sign of…

…Lead Definition of pathological Q wave Normal variants V2–V3 ≥0,02 s or QS complex None All other leads ≥0,03 s and ≥1…

ECG Definition of normal and pathological pediatric and neonatal ECG The neonatal and pediatric electrocardiogram (ECG) is interpreted using the same principles as in ECG…

…ischemia and infarction Pathological R wave progression Normal R wave progression implies that the R wave amplitude increases gradually from V1 to V5 and then…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Sinus tachycardia: causes, ECG, normal variants & pathological variants Sinus tachycardia is the most common tachyarrhythmia (tachycardia). Sinus tachycardia is the result…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Atrial flutter Atrial flutter is the second most common pathological tachyarrhythmia. Only atrial fibrillation is more common. Atrial flutter occurs almost…

…and the pathological changes are not explained by coronary heart disease, hypertension, valvular disease or congenital heart disease. Cardiomyopathy leads to impaired cardiac function and…

[calc_qtc] 1 – 15 years, male and female Adult, male Adult, female Normal <440 ms <430 ms <450 ms Upper limit 440–460 ms 430…

…imaging, angiography, and, occasionally, pathological examination. Pathologically, infarction represents myocardial cell death caused by prolonged ischaemia. The first cellular abnormalities of ischaemia include depletion of…

…and dilatation Atrial enlargement: left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) and right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) The atria may become dilated and/or hypertrophic during pathological…

…is always a pathological finding that affects cardiovascular and total mortality. Left bundle branch block is more common in individuals with structural and ischemic heart…

…Warnings and Precautions Bleeding Risk In the phase 3 study (TRITON), key exclusion criteria included increased bleeding risk, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and a history of pathological…

…accumulation in the epicardial arteries is a major pathological substrate, but ischaemia may also result from epicardial vasomotor abnormalities or structural and functional microvascular disease…

…with several interrelated pathological processes: accelerated atherogenesis; vascular inflammation; progression of calcific aortic stenosis; enhancement of a prothrombotic state. Its atherogenic and inflammatory effects may…

…mechanisms that do not necessarily involve established pathological necrosis. Brief ischaemia, transient pressure overload, increased sarcolemmal permeability, apoptosis, and release from an early cytosolic pool…

…90%. Tibial and peroneal arteries, involved in approximately 40–50%. Distal disease is particularly common in older people and in patients with diabetes. The haemodynamic…

…inflammatory treatment, and the tendency to recur all support an immunopathological mechanism. The precise cause, however, is not fully established. At pathological examination, Dressler syndrome…

…The underlying pathological mechanism is not restricted to a single lesion or process. Although Type 1 MI and acute coronary syndromes are commonly related to…

…tachycardia during physical activity, all tachycardias should be considered pathological and the task is to clarify the cause of the tachycardia. The cause may range…

…ST depressions, T wave inversions and pathological Q waves may be used to diagnose myocardial ischemia and infarction. Symptoms – Patients with acute myocardial infarction may…

…is considered normal) and pathological variants . Thus, in this chapter, you will learn the physiological basis of all ECG waves and how to determine whether…

…elevations in ischemia and differential diagnoses. In cardiac arrest caused by acute total occlusion of an epicardial coronary artery (i.e. STEMI), pathological Q waves…

…impulses under pathological circumstances, such as in ischemia. In both cases listed above the impulse will originate in the junction between the atria and the…

…For most pathological conditions, there are specific guidelines (see links below). This chapter presents recommendations for conducting a standard transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) examination and it…

…This is mostly a normal (physiological) finding, particularly among young and healthy individuals. The phenomenon is explained by the heart rate variation caused by respiration…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Sinus bradycardia: ECG, causes & management Definition of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia fulfills the criteria for sinus rhythm but the heart rate…

…severe chest pain, dyspnea and occasionally hemodynamic compromise. The ECG shows localized ST segment elevations, T wave inversions and occasionally pathological Q waves. Troponin levels…

…the PR interval is greater than 220 msec, first degree AV block is manifest and it is considered a pathological finding (Figure 4, second panel)…

…tricuspid regurgitation, which is considered a normal finding. Pathological tricuspid regurgitation is more pronounced. Echocardiography is the preferred method for diagnosing tricuspid regurgitation. Causes of…

…35 mm. Q waves: pathological Q waves (≥ 0.03 s and/or an amplitude ≥ 25 % of the R wave amplitude in the same lead, in…

…mm. Look for pathological Q waves. Pathological Q waves are ≥0,03 s and/or amplitude ≥25% of R wave amplitude in the same lead…

…IMAT), is independently associated with coronary microvascular dysfunction and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), whereas BMI alone often fails to capture these specific pathological drivers…

… and At least one of the following: New ischemic ECG changes New pathological Q waves Imaging evidence of new loss of viable myocardium or a…

…pathological condition. Explanation: In the absence of symptoms, heart rates ≥30 beats/min are considered normal in highly trained athletes. Sinus rhythm should resume and…

…of pathological extent. Magnetic resonance imaging findings indicate that Q wave development relates more closely to infarct volume than to transmurality. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms…

…but fundamental part of ECG interpretation. The normal T wave in adults is positive in most precordial and limb leads. The T wave amplitude is…

…elevations that are not caused by ischemia and a significant proportion have ST T changes caused by other pathological conditions (such as bundle branch blocks…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG The QT interval, long QT syndrome (LQTS) & ventricular arrhythmias (torsade de pointes) due to prolonged QT interval The QT interval is…

Echocardiography Pericardial diseases: effusion and tamponade A long series of conditions can affect the pericardium (pericardium). The most common of these are acute pericarditis (perimyocarditis…

…QRS complexes and delta waves in numerous leads. Can you spot them? Note that negative delta waves may simulate pathological Q waves (and thus be…

…a state where stroke volume is maintained only at the expense of pathologically elevated filling pressures. Epidemiology and risk factors HFpEF has reached epidemic proportions…