…Lead Definition of pathological Q wave Normal variants V2–V3 ≥0,02 s or QS complex None All other leads ≥0,03 s and ≥1…

ECG Definition of normal and pathological pediatric and neonatal ECG The neonatal and pediatric electrocardiogram (ECG) is interpreted using the same principles as in ECG…

…pathological Q waves and guidelines do not state any ECG criteria specific to R wave progression. Figure 1. Pathological R wave progression is indicative of…

…and arrhythmology ECG Sinus tachycardia: causes, ECG, normal variants & pathological variants Sinus tachycardia is the most common tachyarrhythmia (tachycardia). Sinus tachycardia is the result of…

…between 250 and 350 beats per minute (which is slower than the atrial rate in atrial fibrillation). The atrioventricular node is not capable of conducting…

Echocardiography Definition and types of cardiomyopathies Cardiomyopathy implies that the myocardium is structurally and functionally altered, and the pathological changes are not explained by coronary…

…it should not be used during bradycardia and tachycardia. Fridericia’s and Framingham formulas are often preferred in scenarios where a broader range of heart…

…diagnosis that integrates myocardial injury, evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia, electrocardiographic findings, cardiac biomarkers, imaging, angiography, and, occasionally, pathological examination. Pathologically, infarction represents myocardial cell…

…symmetric and positive. The P wave in lead II may, however, be slightly asymmetric by having two humps. This is often (but not always) seen…

…pathological finding that affects cardiovascular and total mortality. Left bundle branch block is more common in individuals with structural and ischemic heart disease. Assessment of…

…of pathological intracranial findings. Patients with ACS undergoing PCI treated with prasugrel and ASA exhibited a higher risk of major and minor bleeding, as classified…

…The absence of chest pain does not exclude clinically important CCS. Silent or minimally symptomatic disease may occur in patients with diabetes and autonomic neuropathy…

…a) is not associated with venous thromboembolism in prospective epidemiological studies. Its biological effects appear to differ from those of LDL, and elevated Lp(a…

…circulation through mechanisms that do not necessarily involve established pathological necrosis. Brief ischaemia, transient pressure overload, increased sarcolemmal permeability, apoptosis, and release from an early…

…perfusion is insufficient to meet the basal nutritional requirements of tissue. Typical symptoms include: Ischaemic rest pain. Coldness or numbness of the foot and toes…

…inflammatory treatment, and the tendency to recur all support an immunopathological mechanism. The precise cause, however, is not fully established. At pathological examination, Dressler syndrome…

…with or without ECG abnormalities and with or without an elevation in cardiac troponin. The underlying pathological mechanism is not restricted to a single lesion…

…tachycardia during physical activity, all tachycardias should be considered pathological and the task is to clarify the cause of the tachycardia. The cause may range…

…by the fact that there is no (or very little) turnover of myocardial cells and therefore myocardial troponins should not be detected in the blood…

…order to give the reader firm knowledge of normal findings , normal variants (i.e less common variants of what is considered normal) and pathological variants …

…did not show any benefit of urgent angiography. ST elevation in acute transmural myocardial ischemia is discussed in the chapter ST elevations in ischemia and…

…capable of spontaneous depolarization (i.e they display automaticity) and can therefore act as latent pacemakers (which become active when atrial impulses do not reach…

…quality of the examination, and allows for standardized comparisons of serial examinations. If pathology is discovered during the standard examination, other examinations (which are not…

…of sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia is a normal finding among young and healthy individuals. It is generally not a normal finding among older individuals and…

…in healthy young individuals who are not well trained. This is also a normal finding. Abnormal (pathological) causes of sinus bradycardia In all other situations…

…but the elevation is typically discrete and not on a par with the degree of left ventricular impairment. Pathophysiology of takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome…

…the PR interval is greater than 220 msec, first degree AV block is manifest and it is considered a pathological finding (Figure 4, second panel)…

…views. The increased pressure may also propagate back to the right atrium and venous system, resulting in dilation of vena cava inferior ( 2.1 cm)…

…35 mm. Q waves: pathological Q waves (≥ 0.03 s and/or an amplitude ≥ 25 % of the R wave amplitude in the same lead, in…

…wave not clearly visible: look for retrograde (inverted) P waves, which can be located anywhere between the J point and the terminal part of the…

…although its resolution does not consistently permit identification of foamy macrophages. The occurrence of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may…

…coronary microvascular dysfunction and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), whereas BMI alone often fails to capture these specific pathological drivers. 5 Physiological Mechanisms of Cardioprotection:…

…it may not be possible to determine precisely how much of the postprocedural increase results from the index MI and how much is related to…

…6. Which of the following ECG findings is generally considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes and typically does not require further evaluation, assuming no…

…descriptors of pathological extent. Magnetic resonance imaging findings indicate that Q wave development relates more closely to infarct volume than to transmurality. Clinical Presentation and…

…must be differentiated from hyperacute T waves seen in the very early phase of myocardial ischemia. Hyperacute T waves are broad based, high and symmetric…

…80% of men display ST segment elevations that are not caused by ischemia and a significant proportion have ST T changes caused by other pathological…

…the QT interval decreases and vice versa. The physiological purpose of this phenomenon is to allow for faster cardiac cycles during tachycardia (e.g during…

…be more or less echogenic. It is important to estimate the volume, echogenicity and location of the effusion. Regarding the location, an effusion may be…

…that negative delta waves may simulate pathological Q waves (and thus be confused with previous myocardial infarction). ECG examples of pre excitation (short PR interval…

…ST depression and does not evolve into pathologic Q waves [4]. Additionally, PR segment depression is a common and early electrocardiographic sign of acute pericarditis…

…fraction does not equate to normal cardiac function, but rather to a state where stroke volume is maintained only at the expense of pathologically elevated…