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Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Assessment and Treatment

…back pain Symptoms of type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome Depression, low self esteem or body image disturbance The number and severity of obesity related…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…Similarity to previous documented angina or myocardial infarction. Atherosclerotic and thromboembolic risk factors. Relevant predispositions, such as connective tissue disease. No single pain descriptor is…

Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Pregnancy Disorders as Future Cardiovascular Risk

…hypertension, defined as blood pressure ≥160/110 mmHg Headache that does not respond to medication Visual disturbance Persistent severe epigastric pain Pulmonary oedema Thrombocytopenia, with…

Performing Echocardiographic Examinations

…during the examination. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are a common cause of pain and sickness absence for ultrasound practitioners (Harrison et al). When performing emergency…

Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection

…acute chest pain or chest discomfort, with associated manifestations of myocardial ischaemia. In pregnancy, the clinical presentation of ACS is generally similar to that in…

Statin Intolerance and Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

…pre existing symptoms to the medication. No single diagnostic test can distinguish a pharmacological SAMS effect from a nocebo response. Predisposing factors The likelihood of…

Chronic Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Four-Pillar Therapy

…Symptoms may include: Breathlessness Fatigue Reduced exercise tolerance Peripheral oedema Symptoms related to fluid retention and worsening congestion The clinical course may be chronic and…

Microvascular Angina and INOCA: Diagnosis with CFR and IMR

…proBNP are more frequent in this pattern. Endothelial dysfunction may contribute to both microvascular and epicardial vasomotor disorders. Endothelial activation can promote the release of…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…costochondritis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Radiation of discomfort to the trapezius ridge is not seen in STEMI and suggests pericarditis instead. Pain is not uniformly present…

Brugada syndrome: ECG, clinical features and management

…Brugada syndrome. This disorder is easy to diagnose with a simple blood test and the ST segment elevations resolve after normalization of potassium levels. Brugada…

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