…or the right ventricle. Such systems are referred to as single chamber systems . Nowadays, most implanted pacemakers are dual chamber systems , meaning that two leads…

…decrement ≥ 10 % at 3 Hz, sensitivity about 75 %; single fibre EMG about 95 %). Contraindications Known hypersensitivity to edrophonium. Mechanical obstruction of the bowel or the…

…not on a single threshold value. The combination of physiology, rate of bleeding, the pattern of injury or disease, the response to initial treatment and…

…blocks or other conduction defects. However, in rare instances, it may be due to pre excited atrial fibrillation (i.e. atrial fibrillation with impulses conducted…

…with the same rate. This occurs if ventricular stimulation is set to be triggered by the atrial impulse. Another cause of pacemaker mediated tachycardia is…

…to rate adjust, which means that the pacemaker fails to adjust its rate according to haemodynamic needs. This is only relevant in rate responsive pacemakers…

…also result in bradycardia with syncope. Carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) is an exaggerated response to carotid sinus baroreceptor stimulation. Causes of persisting bradycardia Sinus node…

…any heart rate below 50 beats/min is most likely not paced. An intrinsic heart rate faster than the base rate should inhibit the pacemaker…

…general, it is crucial to be familiar with these devices. This section is devoted to artificial pacemakers. More advanced devices (ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; CRT…

…action potential that will spread through the myocardium. Components of an artificial pacemaker Pacemakers consist of an implantable pulse generator (IPG) , which contains the electronics…