…or the right ventricle. Such systems are referred to as single chamber systems . Nowadays, most implanted pacemakers are dual chamber systems , meaning that two leads…

…decrement ≥ 10 % at 3 Hz, sensitivity about 75 %; single fibre EMG about 95 %). Contraindications Known hypersensitivity to edrophonium. Mechanical obstruction of the bowel or the…

…be based on an overall assessment, not on a single threshold value. The combination of physiology, rate of bleeding, the pattern of injury or disease…

…2 AV block, third degree AV block). Sick sinus syndrome or symptomatic bradycardia in the absence of a pacemaker. Hypersensitivity to adenosine. Administration Normal route…

…with the same rate. This occurs if ventricular stimulation is set to be triggered by the atrial impulse. Another cause of pacemaker mediated tachycardia is…

…to rate adjust, which means that the pacemaker fails to adjust its rate according to haemodynamic needs. This is only relevant in rate responsive pacemakers…

…beta blockers in heart failure), which means that the pacemaker is indicated in order to continue treatment with that medication. It should be noted that…

…any heart rate below 50 beats/min is most likely not paced. An intrinsic heart rate faster than the base rate should inhibit the pacemaker…

…general, it is crucial to be familiar with these devices. This section is devoted to artificial pacemakers. More advanced devices (ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; CRT…

…action potential that will spread through the myocardium. Components of an artificial pacemaker Pacemakers consist of an implantable pulse generator (IPG) , which contains the electronics…