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Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Diagnosis and Initial Evaluation

…phase after ACS or coronary revascularization. Non acute heart failure in which an ischaemic or cardiometabolic cause is suspected. Selected asymptomatic individuals in whom coronary…

Hypertensive Emergency and Urgency: Differentiation and Treatment

…or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the…

Right ventricular strain: definition, causes, echocardiography

…etc. Right ventricular load is thus an issue that is raised both in outpatient and emergency care. To evaluate the presence of right ventricular load…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…rise. Often outpatient or brief inpatient follow up depending on the clinical picture Moderate 6.0 to 6.4 mmol/L ECG and cardiac monitoring…

Pulmonary embolism: quick reference for risk stratification and treatment

…or warfarin Subsegmental pulmonary embolism without deep vein thrombosis An individual assessment; in selected cases the patient can be observed without anticoagulation Red flags and…

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…particularly cardiac amyloidosis Sepsis and other hyperdynamic states In cardiac amyloidosis, BNP or NT proBNP may be markedly elevated even when overt congestion is not…

Isoprenaline and Dopamine Infusions for Bradycardia

…phenytoin, carbamazepine), and various chemotherapeutic agents. In the acute setting, bradyarrhythmic cardiac arrest or asystole may result from reversible systemic insults, including hypovolemia, hypoxia, cardiac…

Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Statins as First-Line Treatment

…In patients who experience a recurrent atherothrombotic or cardiovascular event within 2 years while receiving maximally tolerated statin based treatment, an LDL C goal below…

Left Ventricular Function

…better or worse, ejection fraction has become virtually synonymous with left ventricular function. An obvious drawback with the use of the ejection fraction is that…

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