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Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, fatigue, faintness, and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic…

Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: quick reference

…hypertension, headache, nausea and vomiting 8 to 24 hours Alcoholic hallucinosis, often visual, auditory or tactile hallucinations with a relatively clear level of consciousness and…

Hyponatraemia: quick reference for work-up and correction

…1. Assess airway, breathing and circulation. 2. Assess the neurological symptoms and at the same time exclude other acute causes, for example hypoglycaemia, poisoning, stroke…

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: quick reference

…inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged endoscopic intervention a need for general anaesthesia for other reasons…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial…

ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and ECG Criteria

…environmental factors and genetic background. Thrombotic susceptibility is likewise affected by inflammation and other systemic influences. The severity of myocardial injury is determined not only…

Digoxin: Dosing, Therapeutic Range and Toxicity Management

…also utilized for ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…not radiate below the umbilicus. It is often accompanied by sweating, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, and a sense of impending doom. When pain begins during exertion…

Cardiac arrest due to electrolyte imbalance

…mmol/l Cognitive disorders, vertigo, balance disorder. Moderate 115 125 mmol/L Headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, apathy, confusion, impaired reflexes. Severe <115 mmol/L…

Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state: quick reference

…The condition occurs above all in: treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors pregnancy prolonged fasting or a very low carbohydrate intake excessive alcohol consumption vomiting or othe

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