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Myocardial Ischemia & infarction: Cellular changes, ECG and symptoms

…metabolism. Cardiac cells are highly capable of matching the supply and demand of ATP; increased cardiac workload results in increased ATP production and vice versa…

Doppler effect and Doppler echocardiography

…source and reflectors move towards each other, sound waves are compressed and vice versa . Erythrocytes reflect ultrasound waves. Because erythrocytes are small, round and have…

The T-wave: physiology, variants and ECG features

…T wave, and vice versa ( Figure 17 ). Otherwise there is discordance (opposite directions of QRS and T) which might be due to pathology. A negative…

Coronary Artery Disease

…or other situations with increased myocardial load. Symptoms are exacerbated by increasing the level of exertion ( i.e increasing the myocardial load), and vice versa…

Stable Coronary Artery Disease (Angina Pectoris): Diagnosis, Evaluation, Management

…or other situations with increased myocardial load. Symptoms are exacerbated by increasing the level of exertion ( i.e increasing the myocardial load), and vice versa…

Endocarditis: definitions, causes, diagnosis, echocardiography & treatment

…high risk of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant valvular disease. Table 1…

The Continuity Equation (The Principle of Continuity)

…related to the area of the orifice; velocity increases with diminishing area of the orifice, and vice versa . Figure 1. The principle of continuity (the…

Physics of ultrasound

…sound waves, which corresponds to the height of the sine curve (Figure 2). High amplitude equals loud sound and vice versa . In Figure 2, two…

Other ECG changes in ischemia and infarction

…sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI. QTc prolongation The QT…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…6. Assess the indication for antibiotics on the basis of sputum purulence, the other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV…

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